After a sexual assault, one of the most important options available to survivors is a SANE exam — short for Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner exam. Many survivors have never heard of it, or feel uncertain about what it involves. This article answers the most common questions so you can make an informed decision about whether it's right for you.
What Is a SANE Exam?
A SANE exam is a medical and forensic examination performed by a registered nurse who has received specialized training in caring for survivors of sexual violence. SANE nurses are trained to:
- Provide trauma-informed, compassionate medical care
- Treat injuries and address immediate health concerns
- Collect forensic evidence that can be used in a legal case
- Connect survivors with follow-up support services
The goal is to put the survivor's wellbeing first — not to gather evidence at the expense of your comfort.
Do I Have to Report to Police to Get a SANE Exam?
No. In most states, you can receive a SANE exam without filing a police report. Many hospitals offer anonymous evidence collection — meaning your evidence is preserved under a code number and stored for a period of time (typically 3–10 years, depending on the state). If you later decide to report, the evidence may still be available.
This is sometimes called a "Jane Doe" report or "blind report." Ask the hospital or SANE program about this option when you arrive.
When Should I Get a SANE Exam?
The sooner the better — but there's still time if it's been a few days. In general:
- Within 72 hours: Best window for most types of forensic evidence collection
- Up to 120 hours (5 days): Some evidence can still be collected; emergency contraception remains effective
- After 120 hours: A medical exam is still valuable for treatment, documentation, and support — even if forensic evidence collection is no longer possible
What Happens During the Exam?
The exam typically includes several parts, and you have the right to pause, skip any section, or stop at any time:
Medical History & Consent
The nurse will explain every part of the process and ask for your consent before proceeding. You will be asked questions about your medical history and what happened — only to the extent needed for your care.
Physical Examination
A head-to-toe physical exam documents any injuries. The SANE nurse will look for bruises, cuts, or other signs of trauma — all with care and sensitivity.
Forensic Evidence Collection
If you consent, the nurse will collect evidence such as swabs, hair samples, or clothing. This goes into a "rape kit" that is labeled and preserved.
STI Testing and Treatment
You may be offered testing for sexually transmitted infections and, if desired, prophylactic medication to reduce transmission risk. Emergency contraception will also be offered if applicable.
Follow-Up Referrals
Before you leave, the nurse will connect you with counseling, advocacy, and other support services in your area.
Is the Exam Painful?
The exam can be uncomfortable, especially if you have injuries. SANE nurses are specifically trained to minimize discomfort and to move at your pace. You are always in control of what happens to your body.
What Does It Cost?
In most U.S. states, the cost of a SANE exam is covered by the state — you should not be billed for forensic evidence collection. Some costs (like STI treatment) may vary. If you receive a bill in error, contact your state's victim compensation office or a local legal aid organization.
"I didn't know what to expect going in, but the nurse made me feel like a person — not a case. She explained everything before she did it and checked in constantly."
— SWF Community Member
How Do I Find a SANE Program?
Use our Resource Map to find SANE programs and sexual assault service providers near you. You can also call the RAINN hotline at 1-800-656-HOPE (4673) to be connected with a local program immediately.
If you have more questions or need help navigating next steps, reach out to Summer Willis Foundation. We're here to help.